Human rights groups, however, have constantly reported on the failure of the judicial system to address human rights abuses in Punjab. For instance, in response to reviews by the United Nations , the Indian Government has denied abuses committed in the course of the counterinsurgency. At the fiftieth session of the UN Human Rights Commission in February 1994, Dr. Manmohan Singh, then India’s finance minister, downplayed widespread human rights abuses in India as “aberrations” that had occurred in confronting terrorism. The Indian authorities, the state authorities of Punjab, and Punjab police have all denied the extent of systematic “disappearances,” extrajudicial executions, and torture that occurred in Punjab in the course of the counterinsurgency, at most admitting to a couple errant abuses.
But great as this object undoubtedly is, it is not the only one which calls for the fostering care of the Government. The preservation and success of the republican precept relaxation with us. Through the favor of an overruling and indulgent Providence our country is blessed with general prosperity and our residents exempted from the strain of taxation, which other much less favored portions of the human household are obliged to bear; but it is true that most of the taxes collected from our residents through the medium of imposts have for a substantial period been onerous. They have been cheerfully borne as a outcome of they had been thought to be essential to the help of Government and the payment of the money owed unavoidably incurred in the acquisition and maintenance of our national rights and liberties. But have we a proper to calculate on the same cheerful acquiescence when it is recognized that the need for their continuance would stop had been it not for irregular, improvident, and unequal appropriations of the general public funds ? Will not the people demand, as they have a proper to do, such a prudent system of expenditure as will pay the money owed of the Union and authorize the reduction of each tax to as low a degree because the sensible observance of the necessity to guard that portion of our manufactures and labor whose prosperity is crucial to our nationwide safety and independence will allow?
The commission ought to use the stability of possibilities commonplace in making findings on particular circumstances. In their transient submitted to the NHRC on December 10, 2003, Human Rights Watch and Harvard Law Student Advocates for Human Rights mentioned the unfair evidentiary burdens households face in proving “disappearances” and extrajudicial executions, as a result of the state often exclusively controls the evidence necessary to prove the violations, which it hardly ever turns over. Because of these difficulties, international human rights bodies have relaxed evidentiary requirements and held circumstantial and testimonial evidence, together with hearsay, to be admissible earlier than such our bodies. Such proof can shift the burden of proof to the state to refute the allegations of violations, failing which it is presumptively liable. This chapter proposes detailed recommendations to the Indian government to make sure an efficient remedy for all persons whose rights or freedoms had been violated in Punjab through the counterinsurgency operations starting in the early 1980s. These suggestions aim to provide redress for the gross violations of human rights that occurred and address the institutionalized impunity that has prevented accountability.
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Allied strategy in World War II utterly trusted the movement of warfare materiel produced in the United States to the combating fronts in Africa, Europe, and Asia. Between 1939 and 1945, the hundred merchant shipyards overseen by the united states Maritime Commission produced 5,777 ships at a cost of about $13 billion (navy shipbuilding price about $18 billion) . First, the commission itself allowed the federal government to direct the merchant shipbuilding trade. Second, the fee funded entrepreneurs, the industrialist Henry J. Kaiser chief among them, who had never earlier than built ships and who have been keen to use mass-production methods in the shipyards.
